Orthographic Drawing

Group Problem Solving

Principles:
- Dont jump to solutions before defining the problem
- Solve problems close to the source
- Attend the interests of all stakeholders
- Team based knowledge

Brainstorming Guidelines:
- Identify a recorder and facilitator (can be the same person)
- Clarify the issue or question
- If appropriate, first generate ideas individually on paper
- Begin recording ideas from the group --sequentially or otherwise
- Encourage “piggy-backing” and “wild or crazy” ideas
- Discourage criticism or judgmental comments
- Push past “the pause”
- Cluster before you prioritize

A Process Improvement Model
Aim
(The aim of the process --How are things supposed to happen?)
Reality
(How do things actually happen?)
Root Causes
(What would account for any gaps between the aim and reality?)
Improvement Options
(What are options that might help close the gap?)
Value-added Implementation
(Of the many options, which ones will add value? How would they be implemented?)
Evaluation and Continuous Improvement
(What are the criteria for success? What is the evaluation plan? What mechanisms will help ensure continuous improvement?)

The Engineering Design Process

Elements of design the process :
- Problem Identification
- Research Phase
- Requirements Specifiication
- Concept Generation
- Design Phase
- Prototyping Phase
- System Integration
- Maintenance Phase

Concept generation and evaluation :
- Explore many solutions
-> Brainstorm
- Select the best solution
-> Based on needs and constraints
- Creativity
-> Development of new ideas
- Innovation
-> Bringing creative ideas to reality

Concept Generation :
- Substitute
- Combine
- Adapt
- Modify
- Put to other use
- Eliminate
- Rearrange or reverse

Design group:
1. Decision by authority
2. Expert Member
3. Average member opinion
4. Majority
5. Consensus

Chapter 8: Architectural CAD Quizzes 1-3

Quiz 1
1
The practice of putting all of the information needed to purchase the materials and construct a building or other, similar structures into drawings is called
A)
structural drafting.
B)
architectural drafting.
C)
construction drafting.
D)
mechanical drafting.

2
In the United States, adobe-style homes are most popular in the
A)
Northwest.
B)
Northeast.
C)
Southeast.
D)
Southwest.

3
Cape Cod style homes are most commonly found in the
A)
Northwest.
B)
Northeast.
C)
Southeast.
D)
Southwest.

4
Most house styles can be easily identified by the
A)
type of material used.
B)
elevation and roof line.
C)
number of stories.
D)
types of windows and doors.

5
A popular style of house in the Northeast that is generally symmetrical in design, has a gable roof, and has more than one story is a(n)
A)
Colonial.
B)
American four square.
C)
contemporary.
D)
A-frame.

6
A type of Cape Cod house that has a steeply pitched roof in back is a(n)
A)
Colonial.
B)
A-frame.
C)
salt box.
D)
four square.

7
An older, highly ornamented style of house that was popular from about 1900 to 1940 is a
A)
salt box.
B)
Colonial.
C)
Cape Cod.
D)
Victorian.

8
A 1 1/2-story house with a steep gable roof that is very popular in New England is a
A)
salt box.
B)
Cape Cod.
C)
split-level.
D)
contemporary.

9
A house with a steep, triangular roofline that extends all the way to the ground is a(n)
A)
Cape Cod.
B)
contemporary.
C)
A-frame.
D)
ranch.

10
A single-story house with a gable roof is a(n)
A)
ranch.
B)
contemporary.
C)
bungalow.
D)
A-frame.


Quiz 2
1
The part of a house that carries the weight of the entire house is the
A)
framing.
B)
foundation.
C)
sill.
D)
sole plate.

2
The vertical measurement of a roof generally used in determining the roof pitch is called
A)
rise.
B)
run.
C)
roof line.
D)
pitch line.

3
The height or level of the soil surrounding a structure is the
A)
elevation.
B)
footing.
C)
grade.
D)
pitch.

4
Platform framing is also called
A)
balloon framing.
B)
post-and-beam framing.
C)
deck framing.
D)
western framing.

5
The construction of the rough structure (skeleton) of a house is called
A)
roughing-in.
B)
framing.
C)
platforming.
D)
ballooning.

6
Framing members such as studs, joists, and rafters are usually placed
A)
24″ OC.
B)
12″ OC.
C)
16″ OC.
D)
30″ OC.

7
A layer of sheet material attached to the outside of the stud walls and rafters is
A)
sheathing.
B)
decking.
C)
lath.
D)
underlayment.

8
The vertical member of stairs is the
A)
toe-kick.
B)
tread.
C)
trim.
D)
riser.

9
Windows that are hinged on the side and open outward are
A)
hopper windows.
B)
casement windows.
C)
fixed-sash windows.
D)
double-hung windows.

10
The acronym CSI stands for
A)
Construction Standards Institute.
B)
Construction Standards International.
C)
Construction Specification Institute
D)
Construction Specifications International.


Quiz 3
1
Drawings that contain all of the information necessary to build a house are called
A)
detail drawings.
B)
working drawings.
C)
design drawings.
D)
construction drawings.

2
A section view taken approximately 4′ above the floor of a building is the
A)
section drawing.
B)
foundation plan.
C)
basement plan.
D)
floor plan.

3
A drawing of the front of the house is called the
A)
front elevation.
B)
front view.
C)
front detail.
D)
elevation.

4
A drawing that results when an imaginary cut is taken vertically across the entire house is a
A)
cross section drawing.
B)
detail section drawing.
C)
full section drawing.
D)
half section drawing.

5
In the United States, architectural drawings are usually dimensioned in
A)
feet and inches.
B)
feet and decimal parts of a foot.
C)
meters and millimeters.
D)
meters and centimeters.

6
Windows, doors, and sometimes interior fixtures are called out on a document called a
A)
bill of materials.
B)
materials list.
C)
stock list.
D)
schedule.

7
A drawing of a building lot that shows the placement of the house as well as the location of utilities and other pertinent information is a
A)
plot plan.
B)
survey.
C)
site plan.
D)
landscape plan.

8
Plans that show locations for some of the services required in a house, such as the electrical layout, are called
A)
working drawings.
B)
schematics.
C)
detail drawings.
D)
service drawings.

9
A drawing that results when an imaginary vertical cut is made through only a single wall of a house is a
A)
detail section drawing.
B)
working drawing.
C)
detail drawing.
D)
half section drawing.

10
The size, design, and location of a driveway would be found on the
A)
lot survey.
B)
exterior detail plan.
C)
foundation plan.
D)
site plan.

Sectional Drawing- Test Review

Part Drawings:
- Detail drawings completely describe a single part with multiview orthographic projections.
- Should provide all the informationnecessary to economically manufacture a high quality part.

Assembly Drawings:
- Assembly drawings are used to show the position and functional relationship of parts in an assembly, also via multiview orthographic projections

Section Views:
- Section views are used to clarify internal detail and to avoid dimensioning to hidden lines
- They are established by referencing a cutting plane

Crosshatch symbols:
- Cast iron ( General use )
- White metal ( Zinc )
- Sand
- Steel
- Magnesuim, Aluminum
- Titanium

Half Sections:
- Half section views are the result of cutting planes being positioned on parts in such a manner only half of the resulting view or projection is shown in section

Offset Sections:
- Offset sections allow us to provide greater breadth of detail with fewer section views. All of the features are aligned with the cutting plane.

CAD Drawings