Orthographic Drawing

Group Problem Solving

Principles:
- Dont jump to solutions before defining the problem
- Solve problems close to the source
- Attend the interests of all stakeholders
- Team based knowledge

Brainstorming Guidelines:
- Identify a recorder and facilitator (can be the same person)
- Clarify the issue or question
- If appropriate, first generate ideas individually on paper
- Begin recording ideas from the group --sequentially or otherwise
- Encourage “piggy-backing” and “wild or crazy” ideas
- Discourage criticism or judgmental comments
- Push past “the pause”
- Cluster before you prioritize

A Process Improvement Model
Aim
(The aim of the process --How are things supposed to happen?)
Reality
(How do things actually happen?)
Root Causes
(What would account for any gaps between the aim and reality?)
Improvement Options
(What are options that might help close the gap?)
Value-added Implementation
(Of the many options, which ones will add value? How would they be implemented?)
Evaluation and Continuous Improvement
(What are the criteria for success? What is the evaluation plan? What mechanisms will help ensure continuous improvement?)

The Engineering Design Process

Elements of design the process :
- Problem Identification
- Research Phase
- Requirements Specifiication
- Concept Generation
- Design Phase
- Prototyping Phase
- System Integration
- Maintenance Phase

Concept generation and evaluation :
- Explore many solutions
-> Brainstorm
- Select the best solution
-> Based on needs and constraints
- Creativity
-> Development of new ideas
- Innovation
-> Bringing creative ideas to reality

Concept Generation :
- Substitute
- Combine
- Adapt
- Modify
- Put to other use
- Eliminate
- Rearrange or reverse

Design group:
1. Decision by authority
2. Expert Member
3. Average member opinion
4. Majority
5. Consensus

Chapter 8: Architectural CAD Quizzes 1-3

Quiz 1
1
The practice of putting all of the information needed to purchase the materials and construct a building or other, similar structures into drawings is called
A)
structural drafting.
B)
architectural drafting.
C)
construction drafting.
D)
mechanical drafting.

2
In the United States, adobe-style homes are most popular in the
A)
Northwest.
B)
Northeast.
C)
Southeast.
D)
Southwest.

3
Cape Cod style homes are most commonly found in the
A)
Northwest.
B)
Northeast.
C)
Southeast.
D)
Southwest.

4
Most house styles can be easily identified by the
A)
type of material used.
B)
elevation and roof line.
C)
number of stories.
D)
types of windows and doors.

5
A popular style of house in the Northeast that is generally symmetrical in design, has a gable roof, and has more than one story is a(n)
A)
Colonial.
B)
American four square.
C)
contemporary.
D)
A-frame.

6
A type of Cape Cod house that has a steeply pitched roof in back is a(n)
A)
Colonial.
B)
A-frame.
C)
salt box.
D)
four square.

7
An older, highly ornamented style of house that was popular from about 1900 to 1940 is a
A)
salt box.
B)
Colonial.
C)
Cape Cod.
D)
Victorian.

8
A 1 1/2-story house with a steep gable roof that is very popular in New England is a
A)
salt box.
B)
Cape Cod.
C)
split-level.
D)
contemporary.

9
A house with a steep, triangular roofline that extends all the way to the ground is a(n)
A)
Cape Cod.
B)
contemporary.
C)
A-frame.
D)
ranch.

10
A single-story house with a gable roof is a(n)
A)
ranch.
B)
contemporary.
C)
bungalow.
D)
A-frame.


Quiz 2
1
The part of a house that carries the weight of the entire house is the
A)
framing.
B)
foundation.
C)
sill.
D)
sole plate.

2
The vertical measurement of a roof generally used in determining the roof pitch is called
A)
rise.
B)
run.
C)
roof line.
D)
pitch line.

3
The height or level of the soil surrounding a structure is the
A)
elevation.
B)
footing.
C)
grade.
D)
pitch.

4
Platform framing is also called
A)
balloon framing.
B)
post-and-beam framing.
C)
deck framing.
D)
western framing.

5
The construction of the rough structure (skeleton) of a house is called
A)
roughing-in.
B)
framing.
C)
platforming.
D)
ballooning.

6
Framing members such as studs, joists, and rafters are usually placed
A)
24″ OC.
B)
12″ OC.
C)
16″ OC.
D)
30″ OC.

7
A layer of sheet material attached to the outside of the stud walls and rafters is
A)
sheathing.
B)
decking.
C)
lath.
D)
underlayment.

8
The vertical member of stairs is the
A)
toe-kick.
B)
tread.
C)
trim.
D)
riser.

9
Windows that are hinged on the side and open outward are
A)
hopper windows.
B)
casement windows.
C)
fixed-sash windows.
D)
double-hung windows.

10
The acronym CSI stands for
A)
Construction Standards Institute.
B)
Construction Standards International.
C)
Construction Specification Institute
D)
Construction Specifications International.


Quiz 3
1
Drawings that contain all of the information necessary to build a house are called
A)
detail drawings.
B)
working drawings.
C)
design drawings.
D)
construction drawings.

2
A section view taken approximately 4′ above the floor of a building is the
A)
section drawing.
B)
foundation plan.
C)
basement plan.
D)
floor plan.

3
A drawing of the front of the house is called the
A)
front elevation.
B)
front view.
C)
front detail.
D)
elevation.

4
A drawing that results when an imaginary cut is taken vertically across the entire house is a
A)
cross section drawing.
B)
detail section drawing.
C)
full section drawing.
D)
half section drawing.

5
In the United States, architectural drawings are usually dimensioned in
A)
feet and inches.
B)
feet and decimal parts of a foot.
C)
meters and millimeters.
D)
meters and centimeters.

6
Windows, doors, and sometimes interior fixtures are called out on a document called a
A)
bill of materials.
B)
materials list.
C)
stock list.
D)
schedule.

7
A drawing of a building lot that shows the placement of the house as well as the location of utilities and other pertinent information is a
A)
plot plan.
B)
survey.
C)
site plan.
D)
landscape plan.

8
Plans that show locations for some of the services required in a house, such as the electrical layout, are called
A)
working drawings.
B)
schematics.
C)
detail drawings.
D)
service drawings.

9
A drawing that results when an imaginary vertical cut is made through only a single wall of a house is a
A)
detail section drawing.
B)
working drawing.
C)
detail drawing.
D)
half section drawing.

10
The size, design, and location of a driveway would be found on the
A)
lot survey.
B)
exterior detail plan.
C)
foundation plan.
D)
site plan.

Sectional Drawing- Test Review

Part Drawings:
- Detail drawings completely describe a single part with multiview orthographic projections.
- Should provide all the informationnecessary to economically manufacture a high quality part.

Assembly Drawings:
- Assembly drawings are used to show the position and functional relationship of parts in an assembly, also via multiview orthographic projections

Section Views:
- Section views are used to clarify internal detail and to avoid dimensioning to hidden lines
- They are established by referencing a cutting plane

Crosshatch symbols:
- Cast iron ( General use )
- White metal ( Zinc )
- Sand
- Steel
- Magnesuim, Aluminum
- Titanium

Half Sections:
- Half section views are the result of cutting planes being positioned on parts in such a manner only half of the resulting view or projection is shown in section

Offset Sections:
- Offset sections allow us to provide greater breadth of detail with fewer section views. All of the features are aligned with the cutting plane.

CAD Drawings

Mechanical Drafting

Dimensioning:
Basic dimensioning

What are dimensions?
-Dimensions are the text that is provided with a drawing that describes the exact size and location for the features shown. Also known as size descriptions.

Why use dimensions?
-To ensure that the part made is the part you asked for.

Conversions:
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 foot = 12 inches
1 km = 1000 cm
1000 cm= 10000 dcm = 1000000 mm

Two methods- aligned and uniondirectional
- Do not place dimensions on objects
- Do not dimension to hidden lines
- Leaders should not be drawn at horizontal or vertical angles

Gasket

Chapter 2- Quiz's 1-2

Quiz 1
1
Sketching is
A)
a quick drawing process that can be done either on the computer or by hand.
B)
a quick drawing process that is done by hand using paper and pencil.
C)
a formal drawing process that requires instruments and great accuracy.
D)
not appropriate for CAD users.

2
All of the following are basic rules for sketching except
A)
draw neatly and clearly.
B)
use color effectively.
C)
use proper perspective.
D)
draw quickly and efficiently.

3
A single object composed of one or more connected line segments and circular arcs is known as a(n)
A)
sketch.
B)
line.
C)
polyline.
D)
polygon.

4
Sketching in AutoCAD LT® is done using
A)
the SKETCH command.
B)
the 3DORBIT command.
C)
lines, polylines, circles, and arcs.
D)
a scanning technique.

5
To be tangent, two objects must
A)
share a common side.
B)
intersect at two distinct points.
C)
share a common base point.
D)
intersect at one point only.

6
Half the width of a circle, taken through the center of the circle, is its
A)
radius.
B)
diameter.
C)
circumference.
D)
area.

7
The command that creates polylines in AutoCAD LT® is
A)
POLY.
B)
POLYLINE.
C)
PLINE.
D)
POLYGON.

8
The AutoCAD LT® command that creates circular arcs is
A)
ARC.
B)
CIRCLE.
C)
SKETCH.
D)
LINE.

9
To create a curved segment in a polyline, use the
A)
Circular option of the POLYLINE command.
B)
Curve option of the PLINE command.
C)
Curve option of the POLYLINE command.
D)
Arc option of the PLINE command.

10
To create a portion of a circle, use the
A)
CIRCLE command.
B)
ARC command.
C)
CURVE command.
D)
Curve option of the POLYLINE command.

Quiz 2
1
A selection set is
A)
a named set of objects.
B)
all of the objects that are currently selected.
C)
a group of objects collected using the SET command.
D)
a window used to select objects.

2
To specify an enclosing window,
A)
pick a point to the left of the object and drag the selection window to the right diagonally to enclose the object.
B)
pick a point below the object and drag the selection window straight up to enclose the object.
C)
pick a point to the right of the object and drag the selection window to the left diagonally to enclose the object.
D)
pick any point on the object and press Enter twice to enclose it.

3
A crossing window selects
A)
only objects that are enclosed within the window.
B)
everything except objects that are enclosed within the window.
C)
only objects that cross the lines that make up the window.
D)
objects that are enclosed within the window and objects that cross the lines that make up the window.

4
To select objects by specifying an enclosing polygon window, use the
A)
CP option.
B)
WP option.
C).

BP option.
D)
CW option.

5
A selection fence selects
A)
every object it touches.
B)
all objects enclosed within the fence.
C)
all objects not enclosed within the fence.
D)
all objects enclosed within the fence as well as objects it touches.

6
When you need to select only a few objects in an area of a drawing that contains complex geometry, the best selection method is usually
A)
individual object selection.
B)
enclosing window.
C)
crossing window.
D)
selection fence.

7
The difference between the PRINT command and the PLOT command is
A)
PRINT can only be used with laser printers.
B)
PLOT can be used with either dot matrix or laser printers.
C)
PLOT can be used to create color prints.
D)
nonexistent; there is no difference between the two commands.

8
To scale a drawing to plot at exactly its dimensioned size, set the drawing scale to
A)
1:1.
B)
1:2.
C)
2:1.
D)
1:3.

9
The Extents option in the Plot area portion of the Plot dialog box tells AutoCAD LT® to plot
A)
the entire drawing.
B)
a named view of the drawing.
C)
the portion of the drawing that fits within the limits of the drawing area.
D)
the portion of the drawing that is currently displayed on the screen.

10
In plotting a drawing, the term landscape refers to printing the drawing
A)
on a diagonal to take advantage of the texture of the selected paper.
B)
on the back side of the selected paper to reduce glare.
C)
in a horizontal orientation.
D)
in a vertical orientation.

Chapter 14- Quiz's 1-4

Quiz 1
1
In manufacturing, there are three basic categories of tools and processes: those that remove material, those that add material, and those that
A)
analyze material.
B)
form material.
C)
test materials.
D)
select materials.

2
The machines that perform these processes are referred to as
A)
machine tools.
B)
manufacturing tools.
C)
forming tools.
D)
production tools.

3
The most common material-removal tools are the lathe, drill press, and
A)
shaper.
B)
grinder.
C)
band saw.
D)
milling machine.

4
The process of shaping material by forcing it through a die is
A)
forging.
B)
casting.
C)
extruding.
D)
expanding.

5
The process of shaping a workpiece using impact and pressure is
A)
dapping.
B)
forging.
C)
extruding.
D)
bending.

6
The most common manufacturing process used for adding material to a workpiece is
A)
casting.
B)
extruding.
C)
welding.
D)
forging.

7
In general, the process that produces the least accurate (roughest) surface is
A)
sawing.
B)
drilling.
C)
milling.
D)
grinding.

8
HVAC ducts are made using a process called
A)
lapping.
B)
forging.
C)
bending and shaping.
D)
extruding.

9
The primary advantage of forging a part is
A)
lower manufacturing cost.
B)
extreme precision in the finished part.
C)
the need for a minimum amount of machining.
D)
increased strength and durability of the part.

10
In selecting a machine tool for a manufacturing operation, the two most important determining factors are the amount of material that can be removed at a time and
A)
weight.
B)
accuracy.
C)
cost.
D)
speed.


Quiz 2
1
The acronym CNC stands for
A)
computer number control.
B)
consist numerical control.
C)
computer numerical control.
D)
computer numerical contact.

2
CNC equipment is programmed using
A)
programming code.
B)
Excel®.
C)
Quicken®.
D)
interpolation.

3
The CNC program tells the machine
A)
the size of the workpiece.
B)
the shape of the workpiece.
C)
the size and shape of cutter to use.
D)
how and where to move the tool.

4
The two most common types of numerical control are point-to-point and
A)
stop-and-start.
B)
continuous.
C)
open loop.
D)
closed loop.

5
The route along which the tool or cutter travels is the
A)
pattern.
B)
template.
C)
path.
D)
trail.

6
A mathematical model used to determine the best-fitting path to approximate locations and to set speeds that are appropriate is
A)
integration.
B)
interpolation.
C)
distribution.
D)
compilation.

7
The system in CNC that uses impulses or signals to determine the location of the tools is a(n)
A)
closed-loop system.
B)
critical-path system.
C)
critical-pattern system.
D)
open-loop system.

8
In a closed-loop system, the exact location of the axis is determined by the use of a
A)
contactor.
B)
sensor.
C)
capacitor.
D)
transistor.

9
Machine tool systems are mainly concerned with two types of machine tool tolerances: accuracy and
A)
repeatability.
B)
durability.
C)
cost effectiveness.
D)
ease of operation.

10
Sensors are also called
A)
locators.
B)
feelers.
C)
encoders.
D)
finders.

Quiz 3
1
AutoCAD LT® files can be exported to all of the following file formats except
A)
WMF.
B)
BMP.
C)
DWG.
D)
EPS.

2
A Windows metafile is a graphics file that
A)
contains either a vector or a raster graphic format.
B)
is commonly used to transfer graphics files from Windows to the Macintosh.
C)
automatically converts AutoCAD LT®'s vectors to a raster format.
D)
can be used with any operating system.

3
A bitmap is a graphics file that
A)
contains either a vector or a raster graphic format.
B)
is commonly used to prepare AutoCAD LT® files for use with stereolithography.
C)
creates a picture file with a raster format.
D)
contains a pure vector format.

4
Stereolithography machines are used to
A)
combine several files containing solids into a single, compact file.
B)
create a physical 3D model directly from a CAD model.
C)
break the solid model into thin slices that can be used by a PostScript printer to recreate the model.
D)
interpret 2D multiview drawings to create a physical 3D model.

5
Rapid prototypes are used for all of the following purposes except to
A)
explain a concept.
B)
form a mold to cast parts.
C)
be bolted onto an assembly to show how the finished part will work.
D)
create 2D detail drawings.

6
One type of item that can be inserted into AutoCAD LT® is a(n)
A)
Windows metafile.
B)
stereolithography file.
C)
bitmap image.
D)
OLE file.

7
The DWG file created by the EXPORT command is a(n)
A)
AutoCAD LT® block drawing file.
B)
bitmap file.
C)
Windows metafile.
D)
stereolithography file.

8
To reload an image into AutoCAD LT®, open the Image Manager window and select the
A)
Load button.
B)
Save button.
C)
Reload button.
D)
Details button.

9
To open the Image Manager, use the
A)
IMPORT command.
B)
IMAGE command.
C)
INSERTOBJ command.
D)
OPEN command.

10
The command that allows you to insert an OLE object into a drawing is the
A)
INSERT command.
B)
IMAGE command.
C)
IMPORT command.
D)
INSERTOBJ command.

Quiz 4
1
The AUDIT command
A)
opens a damaged file and attempts to fix it.
B)
checks your AutoCAD LT® file folder and flags any corrupted files.
C)
removes damaged files from your AutoCAD LT® file folder.
D)
examines the current document and fixes any errors it finds.

2
When you repair a file using the AUDIT command, the results are displayed
A)
in the AutoCAD LT Text window.
B)
in a separate text document.
C)
as multiline text at the top right corner of the drawing.
D)
in the Audit Results dialog box.

3
If AUDIT cannot repair the errors in a drawing, the next step is to try the
A)
REPAIR command.
B)
PURGE command.
C)
RECOVER command.
D)
SAVEAS command.

4
The difference between the AUDIT and RECOVER commands is that
A)
RECOVER is less capable than AUDIT.
B)
AUDIT deletes the file if it cannot repair it.
C)
RECOVER attempts the repair as you open the file.
D)
AUDIT asks for the name of the file.

5
If you run the RECOVER command on a file that contains no errors,
A)
AutoCAD LT® displays an error message.
B)
the file is not harmed in any way.
C)
the command ends without displaying a message.
D)
the file reverts to its last saved version.

6
The PURGE command works on all of the following except
A)
plot styles.
B)
blocks.
C)
xrefs.
D)
linetypes.

7
Benefits of using the PURGE command on a finished drawing include all of the following except
A)
reduce the disk space needed to store the drawing.
B)
increase file stability.
C)
reduce the amount of time it takes to open the drawing.
D)
unclutter the drawing.

8
If you accidentally purge an item that you need, you can recover it by
A)
recreating or reimporting it.
B)
using the UNDO command.
C)
selecting Unpurge from the Edit pull-down menu.
D)
entering the UNPURGE command.

9
When a file is so badly corrupted that none of AutoCAD LT®'s commands can repair it, your best option is to
A)
revert to the backup file that is automatically maintained by AutoCAD LT®.
B)
open a DOS window and use the DOS recover.exe file.
C)
start the drawing again from scratch.
D)
rename the corrupted file and try the recovery procedures again.

10
AutoCAD LT® saves backup files with an extension of
A)
exe.
B)
dxf.
C)
bak.
D)
dwg.

Journals

Week 12
Monday April 19- We are using cad to make drawings with circles
Tuesday April 20- We are still using cad to make circle drawings
Wednesday April 21- Absent ( track and field )
Thursday April 22- We did online quizzes about cad
Friday April 23- Continued online quizzes

Week 13
Monday April 26- We started a cad drawing
Tuesday April 27- CAD drawings and we took a note
Wednesday April 28- CAD drawings
Thursday April 29- CAD drawings
Friday April 30- CAD Drawings

Week 14
Monday May 3- We started doing orthographic drawings
Tuesday May 4- We continued the orthographic drawing
Wednesday May 5- We finished the orthographic drawing
Thursday May 6- Absolutely nothing
Friday May 7- Absolutely nothing

Week 15
Monday May 10- Started an orthographic drawing
Tuesday May 11- Started a new orthographic drawing
Wednesday May 12- Continued the drawing
Thursday May 13- Continued the drawing
Friday May 14- Continued the drawing

Week 16
Monday May 17- Watched a movie about the world trade center
Tuesday May 18- We took a note
Wednesday May 19- We did online tests
Thursday May 20- Nothing
Friday May 21- Absent ( Skills Canada )

Week 17
Tuesday May 25- We wrote a test
Wednesday May 26- Started working on our cranes
Thursday May 27- Working on cranes
Friday May 28- Working on cranes

Week 18
Monday May 31- Working on cranes
Tuesday June 1- Working on cranes
Wednesday June 2- Working on cranes
Thursday June 3- Working on cranes
Friday June 4- Working on cranes

Week 19
Monday June 7- Working on cranes
Tuesday June 8- Finished crane design
Wednesday June 9- Nothing
Thursday June 10- Building crane
Friday June 11- Building crane

What I Learned

I have learned how to use a new program called envisioneer which allows you to build houses. I liked putting objects in all the rooms and basically just making my dream house. If i had to change something about my house i would probably add more objects inside the house. If we got to do this project again i would definetely make improvements by adding more objects inside the house.

House Dimensions

Dining Room
12 x 17
204 ft²

Bedroom #1
20 x 20
400 ft²

Bedroom #2
20 x 20
400 ft²

Living Room
22 x 22
484 ft²

Bathroom
14 x 21 + 9 x 10
384 ft²

Kitchen
21 x 19
399 ft²

Laundry Room
10 x 9
90 ft²

House

Pics Of House

Roller Coaster Pics

House requirements

• 1 living room 145 ft2 – 600 ft
• 1 dining room 100 ft2 – 225 ft2
• 1 kitchen 100 ft2 – 400 ft2
• 2 or 3 bedrooms 180 ft2 – 510 ft2 total for all bedrooms
• 1 bathroom 50 ft2 – 100 ft2
• 1 laundry room 60 ft2 – 100 ft2

Career and architecture

Architectural Careers

-Beginner Drafter - Entry level postion to gain experience and skill
-Experienced Drafter - Expected to make construction decisions based on initial design
-Positions are available with architects, engineers, and designers

Designer- may work under an architect and as a coordinator of many drafters
Architect- must be licensed to practice
Engineer- work is more technical and requires high level of math and science
Illustrator- combines artistic and architectural skills to produce drawings
Building inspector- checks plans to ensure codes and laws have been followed

The Engineering Design Process

Elements of the design process:

-Problem identification
-Research phase
-Requirements specification
-Concept generation
-Design phase
-Prototyping phase
-System integration
-Maintenance phase


What is the problem?

1. Collect information
2. Interpret information
3. Organize needs hierarchy
4. Determine relative importance of needs
5. Review outcomes and process


Requirements specifications:

-Identifies requirements design must satisfy for success.

1.Marketing requirements
- custom needs

2.Engineering requirements
- applies to technical aspects
- performance requirements


Example engineering requirements:

- Performance and functionality
- Reliability
- Energy

Home design, homebuilding and home plans

http://andyshowto.com/
http://www.korel.com/

Safety

- Audio devices
- Cable use
- Computer and electric devices
- Ergonomics and hardware
- Fire extinguishers

Engineering drawing with CAD application

Engineers- People who use technical means to solve problems. They design products, systems, devices, and structures to improve our living conditions.

Technical drawings- A clear, precise language used in the design process for communicating, solving problems, quickly and accurately visualizing objects, and conducting analysis.
- 92% of the design process is graphical
- The remaining 8% is mathematics and written communication

Designing process :
- problem identification
- preliminary ideas
- design refinement
- analysis
- optimization
- documentation

Implementation:
- servicing
- financing
- marketing
- producing
- planning
- documenting

Orthographic drawing and AutoCAD drawing

TDJ4M – Test # 2 Review
Orthographic Drawing and AutoCAD
Study Lesson 1-3: Engineering Drawings
Orthographic Projection
 Three standard views – Front, Top, Right
 Isometric view – a 3-Dimensional representation of the part with depth lines drawn at 30° angles
Study Lesson 2-1: CAD/CAM Introduction
CAD – Computer Aided Design
 Advantages of CAD
o Easier creation and correction of drawings
o Better visualization of drawings
o Toolbox of drawing aids
o Quick and convenient design analysis
o Simulation and testing of designs
o Increased accuracy
o Improved filing
o Better communication with manufacturing
Isometric view – a 3-Dimensional representation of the part with depth lines drawn at 30° angles
Also Know …
AutCAD LT basics:
1. Review the following tutorials from the class webpage:
 ACAD Intro Tutorial
 ACAD Offset Tutorial
 ACAD Problems
2. Know how to do Assignment #2 from the webpage like the back of your hand!!!
3. Know layers – know how they work and how to manipulate them
4. Know how to start a new document and insert a standard border
5. Know the following icons and how they work
a. line
b. offset
c. mirror
d. trim
e. extend
f. delete
g. layer property manager
h. circle
i. rectangle
j. move

Front View Test

http://jcarron.com/Site/Courses/TDJ3M/OrthographicProjectionAnswers-TDJ3M.pdf

A. 12
B. 24
C. 2
D. 22
E. 2
F. 7
G. 2
H. 9
I. 12
J. 22
K. 19
L. 15
M. 15
N. 5
O. 5
P. 1
Q. 18
R. 19
S. 9
T. 11

Engineering Drawing Basics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_drawing

Engineering drawings are usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as typefaces and line styles), size, etc. One such standardized convention is called GD&T.
The purpose of such a drawing is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.


Geometry – the shape of the object; represented as views; how the object will look when it is viewed from various standard directions, such as front, top, side, etc.
Dimensions – the size of the object is captured in accepted units.
Tolerances – the allowable variations for each dimension.
Material – represents what the item is made of.
Finish – specifies the surface quality of the item, functional or cosmetic. For example, a mass-marketed product usually requires a much higher surface quality than, say, a component that goes inside industrial machinery.

Line styles and types

Standard engineering drawing line types:
A variety of line styles graphically represent physical objects. Types of lines include the following:
visible – are continuous lines used to depict edges directly visible from a particular angle.
hidden – are short-dashed lines that may be used to represent edges that are not directly visible.
center – are alternately long- and short-dashed lines that may be used to represent the axes of circular features.
cutting plane – are thin, medium-dashed lines, or thick alternately long- and double short-dashed that may be used to define sections for section views.
section – are thin lines in a pattern (pattern determined by the material being "cut" or "sectioned") used to indicate surfaces in section views resulting from "cutting." Section lines are commonly referred to as "cross-hatching."

Orthographic projection
The orthographic projection shows the object as it looks from the front, right, left, top, bottom, or back, and are typically positioned relative to each other according to the rules of either first-angle or third-angle projection.
First angle projection is the ISO standard and is primarily used in Europe. The 3D object is projected into 2D "paper" space as if you were looking at an X-ray of the object: the top view is under the front view, the right view is at the left of the front view.
Third angle projection is primarily used in the United States and Canada, where it is the default projection system according to BS 8888:2006, the left view is placed on the left and the top view on the top.
Not all views are necessarily used, and determination of what surface constitutes the front, back, top and bottom varies depending on the projection used.

Isometric projection
The isometric projection show the object from angles in which the scales along each axis of the object are equal. Isometric projection corresponds to rotation of the object by ± 45° about the vertical axis, followed by rotation of approximately ± 35.264° [= arcsin(tan(30°))] about the horizontal axis starting from an orthographic projection view. "Isometric" comes from the Greek for "same measure." One of the things that makes isometric drawings so attractive is the ease with which 60 degree angles can be constructed with only a compass and straightedge.
Isometric projection is a type of axonometric projection. The other two types of axonometric projection are:
Dimetric projection
Trimetric projection

[edit] Oblique projection
An oblique projection is a simple type of graphical projection used for producing pictorial, two-dimensional images of three-dimensional objects:
it projects an image by intersecting parallel rays (projectors)
from the three-dimensional source object with the drawing surface (projection plan).
In both oblique projection and orthographic projection, parallel lines of the source object produce parallel lines in the projected image.

[edit] Perspective
Perspective is an approximate representation on a flat surface, of an image as it is perceived by the eye. The two most characteristic features of perspective are that objects are drawn:
Smaller as their distance from the observer increases
Foreshortened: the size of an object's dimensions along the line of sight are relatively shorter than dimensions across the line of sight.

Trade and industrial education- Quiz 1

Quiz 1
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .
1
Correct
The acronym CADD stands for
A)
computer-assisted drawing and design.
B)
computer-aided drafting and design.
C)
computer-aided design and drafting.
D)
computer-assisted design and drafting.
2
Correct
The acronym CAD stands for
A)
computer-aided design.
B)
computer-assisted design.
C)
computer-assisted drafting.
D)
computer-aided design and drafting.
3
Correct
Release 1.0 (Release 1) of AutoCAD LT® was developed and released in
A)
1988
B)
1991
C)
1993
D)
1996
4
Incorrect
The minimum amount of RAM recommended by Autodesk to run the most recent version of AutoCAD LT® is
A)
200 MB.
B)
256 MB.
C)
236 MB.
D)
300 MB.
5
Incorrect
The text Hands-On AutoCAD LT® is based specifically on AutoCAD LT® Version
A)
2000
B)
2000i.
C)
2002
D)
2004
6
Correct
AutoCAD Mechanical® was designed and developed for
A)
2D mechanical engineering, design, and drafting.
B)
the mechanical and electrical design of industrial machinery.
C)
the engineering design of subdivision, site, road, sewer, and drainage projects.
D)
the creation and maintenance of maps.
7
Correct
Autodesk Inventor® was designed and developed for
A)
2D mechanical engineering, design, and drafting.
B)
the mechanical and electrical design of industrial machinery.
C)
the engineering design of subdivision, site, road, sewer, and drainage projects.
D)
the creation and maintenance of maps.
8
Correct
Drafting dates back to pictorial images etched into
A)
concrete slabs.
B)
cast iron pads.
C)
stone tablets.
D)
ceramic plates.
9
Correct
Early pictorial drawings later evolved into more highly detailed images called
A)
technical drawings.
B)
blueprints.
C)
whiteprints.
D)
technical sketches.
10
Incorrect
Technical drawings are
A)
generally pictorial in nature.
B)
usually freehand sketches.
C)
used for design purposes only.
D)
drawn to an exact set of rules using specific techniques.

Roller Coaster Design Plan

Must have:
- initial drop ( 40-80 metres high )
- 1 loop
- 1 hill
- a theme
- riders must not experience more than 6 Gs at any point

( bends are optional )

Artistic Drawing and perspective

www.technologystudent.com

Single perspective drawing- Perspective drawing is a good style to use when drawing in 3D. There are different styles including single point and two point perspective. The basic example below shows how to construct a simple single point perspective drawing of a cube. Using the same skills more complex drawings/designs can be drawn, after a little practice.http://www.technologystudent.com/designpro/perspec1.htm

Two point perspective- Perspective is a realistic way of drawing objects in 3D. We have already looked at single point perspective, two point perspective using two vanishing points and when an object is drawn in this way it is even more realistic than if it were to be drawn with a single vanishing point.http://www.technologystudent.com/designpro/twopers1.htm

Applying the Metric and Imperial Systems of Measurement

Applying the Metric and Imperial Systems of Measurement

Systems of measurement are used to measure the length, volume, mass or temperature of an object.

The Metric System
Canada and most other countries of the world use the metric system of measurement.
Using the metric system, fill in the main unit of measure for each category:

Length: Millimetre Volume: Litres Mass: Kilogram Temp: Celsius

Some of the commonly used units and conversions in the metric system are as follows:
Length Volume Mass
10 mm = 1 cm 1000 mL = 1 L 1000 g = 1 kg
100 cm = 1 m 1000 kg = 1 t
1000 m = 1 km
1. If a wall is measured to be 450 cm long, what is the measurement in metres (m)?

4.5 metres


2. If a container has a volume of 2.6 L, what is the volume in millilitres (mL) ?

2600 mL


3. Consider the following examples of objects that could be measured. Match the examples with the most appropriate unit of measurement by drawing lines between them.

Column A Column B

Volume of a cooler 170 cm

Mass of an average person 22º C

Temperature inside a room 10 mm

Thickness of a magazine 75 Kg

Height of an average person 20 L

Distance around a running track 400 m




Applying the Metric and Imperial Systems of Measurement

The Imperial System
Some other countries, particularly the United States, use a different system of measurement called the imperial system. Although it is not recognized as Canada’s main system of measurement, why is it still important for us to be able to understand and work with the imperial system?





In the case of the imperial system, fill in at least one example of a unit of measure for each category:

Length: inch Volume: pint Mass: pound Temperature: Fahrenheit

Some of the commonly used units and conversions in the imperial system are as follows:
Length Volume Mass
12 inches = 1 foot 16 fluid ounces = 1 pint 16 ounces = 1 pound
3 feet = 1 yard 2 pints = 1 quart 2000 pounds = 1 ton (US)
1760 yards = 1 mile 8 pints = 1 gallon
4. If a wall is measured to be 144 inches long, what is the measurement in feet?

17.28 ft


5. If a container has a volume of 6 quarts, what is the volume in pints?

12 pints


6. Consider the following examples of objects that could be measured. Match the examples with the most appropriate unit of measurement by drawing lines between them.
Column A Column B

Volume of a cooler ½ in. (inches)

Mass of an average person 5’10” (5 feet, 10 inches)

Temperature inside a room 5 gal (gallons)

Thickness of a magazine 175 lb. (pounds)

Height of an average person 200 yd. (yards)

Distance around a running track 72º F
Converting between the Metric and Imperial Systems

The following are approximate conversions between commonly used metric and imperial measurements:
Length Volume Mass

30.48 cm = 1 foot 29.574 mL = 1 fluid ounce 28.35 g = 1 ounce
2.54 cm = 1 inch 0.473 L = 1 pint 0.454 kg = 1 pound
1.6 km = 1 mile 3.785 L = 1 gallon 0.907 t = 1 ton (US)
1m = 3.28 feet

Temperature: Farenheit to Celcius { }
Celcius to Farehneit { }

7. If a wall is measured to be 14 feet long, what is the measurement in cm?


426.72 cm



8. If a container has a volume of 4 L, what is the volume in gallons?


1.06 gallons























Conversions

1. Convert the following metric measures:

a) 2400 m = 2.4 km
b) 34 cm = 340 mm
c) 5 L = 5000 mL
d) 3200 g = 3.2 kg

2. Convert the following imperial measures:
a) 4 pounds = 64 ounces
b) 6.5 quarts = 13 pints
c) 42 inches = 3.5 feet
d) 3 miles = 5280 yards

3. Convert the following metric and imperial measures:
a) 36 inches = 91.44cm
b) 40 km = 24.9 miles
c) 10 gallon = 37.85 L
d) 140 g = 4.94 ounce
4. Estimate the following measures using an appropriate unit of measure:
a) the length of your foot: 20 cm
b) the volume of a carton of milk: 1 L
c) the height of the classroom: 10 ft
d) the width of your thumbnail: 15 mm

5. Jesse needs to order flooring for his room. He measured the dimensions of the room to be 300 cm by 375 cm. However, the flooring company needs to know these dimensions in feet. Find the dimensions of the room in feet.
10 ft by 12.5 ft

6. A square room has area 49m2. What is the area in square feet?
527.2 square ft

7. **A cube has volume 1000 cubic feet. What is the volume in cubic metres? If one cubic cm is equal to one mL, what is the volume of this cube in litres?
28.3 cubic metres

Answers:

a) 2.4 km b) 340 mm c) 5000 mL d) 3.2 kg
a) 64 ounces b) 13 pints c) 3.5 feet d) 5280 yards
a) 91.44 cm b) 24.9 miles c) 37.85 L d) 4.94 ounces
a) 20 cm (will vary) b) 1 L (will vary) c) 10 feet (will vary) d) 15 mm (will vary)
10 feet by 12.5 feet
527.2 square feet
28.3 cubic metres, 28,300 L

Co-ordinate drawing

Trimming and offsetting

Star Thing